Part 3 of Health Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Section 3 of Health Campaign - Essay Example the objective populace by looking at worldwide ramifications, natural elements, and illness avoidance; and (4) to give a rundown of valuable the study of disease transmission or other information models directors may use to settle on choices on the ground and to foresee future patterns on corpulence. The issues that encompass corpulence compromising the wellbeing state of the American populace can't be overemphasized. Solid People 2010 proffered a far reaching talk on explicit targets, organizations associated with observing and straightforwardly tending to heftiness related issues, the models and frameworks utilized for checking this incessant ailment and epidemiologic observation frameworks and apparatuses which manage network based wellbeing experts and at last, national offices in prescribing answers for this quandary. The extent of the wellbeing effort to battle and forestall corpulence on a wide scale level included an assessment of the objective populace, just as the network based reaction to the issue. Beginning from the grass root level of distinguishing the main drivers and listing the particular procedures that networks intend to execute as a methods for tending to and forestalling weight inside their territories, the way to counteraction is put forth increasingly suitable and plausible through facilitated attempts of both nearby and national offices. The basic jobs of pioneers in networks and foundations, just as financing and social showcasing which add to the advancement of a solid way of life and in upholding procedures to eventually forestall corpulence were recently distinguished. In such manner, this paper is composed with the target of building up a wellbeing effort on stoutness as one of the national issues recognized in Healthy People 2010, explicitly concentrating on the accompanying: (1) to suggest the execution of a battle for weight to improve populace wellbeing tending to social, monetary, and social elements; (2) to suggest approaches, for example, programs, arrangements, laws, and natural viewpoints,

The Influences of Environment free essay sample

It isn't hard to evaluate how much an individual is influenced by the earth where he lives. We realize that climatic and social environmental factors are no less powerful. We know likewise that an individual is brought into the world with the essential qualities which are going to shape his character and in the long run his fate. We can securely say that the communications of both heredity and condition produce the person. It is fascinating to examine the impacts of condition on the character and exercises of the person. Social environmental factors have an undisputed impact on individuals. Conventions and customs are the consequences of social relations in a gathering of individuals. These are frequently intrigued on the person who may either embrace them or contradict them. The individual frequently ends up in struggle with such conventional organizations as marriage, family, religion and other set up customs. The person who rejects customs is denounced by society and regularly seg regated. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Influences of Environment or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page People frequently need to battle against conventions. This proceeded with resistance uncovers the impact that such customs have. The larger part are simply inactively molded by these conventions that have been taught in them from the support through school to grown-up life. Our essential character is framed by society. 3 The intensity of social condition can likewise be found in the ordinary language we talk. The primary language is purported in light of the fact that the youngster acclimatizes normally the language expressed by its mom. It is a logical idea that all people are â€Å"programmed† with the language capacity, however what we talk relies upon the social condition. The new-conceived Eskimo, whenever set in an English-talking condition, will grow up to communicate in English like the English. The primary language is found out in conditions unique in relation to those in which a second or unknown dialect is found out. The articulation received by the individual additionally uncovers the social milieu where he has gotten the language. Just the exceptionally instructed can shroud their local accents. 4 The conduct of the individual is regularly the immediate aftereffect of social impacts on him. It has been built up that individuals presented to unforgiving monetary conditions are probably going to go to wrongdoing more effectively than others. Despite the fact that examination has indicated that criminal inclinations are inalienable, that is of hereditary inception, there is no uncertainty that social conditions help to externalize these propensities in the person. At whatever point a general public experiences extreme monetary conditions, similar to a downturn, the crime percentage will in general increment. The broad communications have likewise been associated to impact the criminal twisted with individuals, particularly the more fragile person who can't have an independent mind. The constant land and climatic environmental factors wherein individuals develop effectsly affect them as individuals from a social gathering. In the event that today there are particular national attributes, it is on the grounds that each gathering has been presented to unmistakable physical or indigenous habitats. Models are various. The Eskimo is short and stocky on the grounds that his cool, frigid condition expects him to be so to endure. The individuals living along the Equator are tall and flimsy to oppose the warmth. The shade of our skins has been fixed by the measure of daylight we have been presented to for ages. The Tibetans and Bolivians have huge chests in light of the fact that their lungs have throughout the centuries gotten amplified by the push to take in tenuous oxygen in their high precipitous condition. 6 Eating and garments propensities, work exercises, entertainments are additionally straightforwardly directed by physical condition. Those living along the coasts are probably going to become mariners or anglers. People’s exercises all through the world are molded by the scene in which they live. The local Maori was an angler and a tracker, and in this manner a tissue eater. The Yorkshire kid as of not long ago grew up to be a digger. It is just present day science and innovation that have prevailing somewhat in diminishing the impact of condition on people’s exercises. Crude man utilized just what his prompt condition gave. Trappers in the north of America, Europe and Asia wore hides gave by their common habitat. 7 It is additionally commonly acknowledged that climate and atmosphere impact our character and temperament. Climate impacts disposition on the grounds that both are variable. We are grim when the climate is melancholy. We are exuberant and chipper when the climate is fine. Verse and melodies in all occasions and districts have praised the happening to spring with sprightliness and energy with respect to individuals. Additionally, in times of warmth or chilly, our dispositions change for the more regrettable or better. Soothsayers and geomancers are persuaded that stars and planets including earth impact and imprint our lives in the entirety of their viewpoints †from character to knowledge, from karma to wellbeing, even life and passing.

How to Crown a Fantasy Football Winner on the Cheap

How to Crown a Fantasy Football Winner on the Cheap How to Crown a Fantasy Football Winner on the Cheap How to Crown a Fantasy Football Winner on the CheapThe true glory of winning your fantasy football league lies in the years worth of bragging rights, so who needs a massive pot anyway?Are you ready for some (fantasy) football?! Yes, football season will be returning soon, which means fantasy football season is returning right about now. As the quarterbacks throw the football around, you and the rest of your league will be tossing around numbers and trades, trying to pull ahead week after week until the season ends and a winner is crowned.But it can get expensive. Online leagues have fees, and you’ll have to drop a pretty penny on wings and beer when everyone gets together to watch the game. And of course, everyone needs to contribute a lot of cash to the pot so you have a treasure trove with which to crown the eventual winner.Or do you?! We spoke to the experts to find out how you can enjoy your fantasy football league without turning your bank account into a fantasy.Stay league l oyal.It might be tempting to join as many leagues as possible. You could draft different players, and then even if you end up flopping in one league, you might still have a chance to compete in one of the other leagues. And even beyond winning, it’s a chance to make even more friends and have even more fun.But it’s also a chance to spend even more money.“Avoid joining multiple (or at least too many) leagues,” advised Colin, of The Colin Card. “The possibility of striking gold tempts many people to join several leagues each season, but more often than not, this simply results in stretching yourself too thin and paying multiple entry fees. Joining fewer (1-2) leagues gives yourself a better chance to juggle the time commitment and minimize your expense.”And that’s pretty much the only advice you can use if you don’t have a hand in planning the league you’re a member of. But you probably do, since you’re probably playing with friends. Or at least, hopefully, people who have a basic respect for your input.Reconsider the fees.One way to cut down the cost of entry fees is to just cut the cost of entry fees. Pretty straightforward!Lower the entry fee and re-weight the payout structure,” suggested Colin. “Most leagues award the top three finishers portions of the total pot. Consider lowering the overall entry fee for your league and re-weighting the payouts such that only the top two finishers get payouts, for example.While there will be fewer winners, the losers (who, by definition, are in the majority) have to pay less, which the winners should manage to stomach since they are earning a higher percentage of the total pot!”And speaking of the pot …Get creative.Traditionally, everyone puts in money to enter the league and the money that isn’t spent on the fees for whatever service you’re using or other expenses are put in the pot that the winner gets. But what if you took a different approach to organizing the prizes and how you manage the league in general?James Stefurak, Founder and Editor of The Invoice Factoring Guide, shared his longtime fantasy football experience with us:“I am going on my 19th season of playing college fantasy football. We take three conferences (we use Big 10/SEC/ACC) which has about the same number of teams as the NFL. We started playing right out of college when rotisserie NFL leagues were just beginning. But we were strictly college football junkies and still are.We started out doing it all completely for free on a spreadsheet we created and tallying the points manually with ESPN box score stats. That got pretty tedious after a while and we switched to Fantrax which charges league commissioners about $100 but they take care of everything. When you break that cost down between 8 teams, it’s manageable.“When we started out of school, the pot was nothingâ€"the last place guy would just have to buy drinks for the other guys at the bar one night and have to wear something silly (bridal veil, fake mustache, a rival jersey, etc). It was just for the fun of it; being able to all go out, watch the games, cheer on our players, and talk trash.I still wish we did it like that but we are now older with kids, etc. Today, the pot is more substantial and is now played almost entirely online with players from different areas, friends of friends, etc. Not the same, but still fun.”Lenny Pappano, co-founder of Draft Sharks (@Draftsharks) offered his own advice for keeping costs down while still offering some fun rewards for the winners and penalties for the losers:“I’ve seen leagues in which the last place team pays for dinner for everyone at the end of the season. Or, conversely, everyone throws in $50 to start the year and the WINNER buys everyone dinner at the end.Another interesting twist is having side bets between teams when they play head-to-head. Winner gets a 6-pack of favorite beer, or the loser has to wear a hat with the winner’s favorite NFL team logo. You†™re really only limited by your imagination.”Now get out there and hit the virtual field! If you want to learn more about saving money, check out these related posts from OppLoans:8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterHow To Save Money on Back to School Supplies4 Simple Ways to Save Money on Your Grocery Billâ€"While Still Eating Healthy!How does  your fantasy football league crown its winner? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsColin is a New York City-based blogger who writes about New York City, travel, and sports. His favorite teams are the New York Giants and Scuderia Ferrari. More of his musings can be found at www.TheColinCard.com.Lenny Pappano is the co-founder of Draftsharks.com (@Draftsharks), co-founder of the World Championship of Fantasy Football, and 2018 Winner of Matthew Berry’s “Game Changer” Award.James Stefurak, CFA is the Founder and Editor of The Invoice Factoring Guide, a web resource provi ding funding information for startups and small businesses. He lives in Melbourne, FL with his wife and four children.

Short Story The Mask - 1115 Words

â€Å"Jake! You forgot your paper.† I turned around and grabbed the paper out of Ms. Duncans hand I walked out of English, by far my favorite class with all those brilliant authors Dostoyevsky, Dickens, Doyle, don’t know how but they just seem to make stories come to life. Me, well I’m a poet I don’t quite have the patience for full novels but I love having that outpour of emotions in my short little writings. Anyways I was walking out of my English class when I first saw her, an Angel. Big blue eye’s perfect smile with long incisors (That for whatever reason drive me crazy!), and the most beautiful blond hair I’ve ever seen. Walk towards her not quite knowing what to say and pass her now to nervous to turn around. I walked to PE and spent 80 brutal minutes hiding my abilities to outshine all of them instead I work hard at being slow and missing baskets. You might think looking at my five foot eight tanned body and elegant features that I w ould be quite the catch, well youd be wrong. I may be: Romantic, a Poet, and a pretty nice guy, but my features are too feminine and my shyness has kept me from going on one date my entire Junior year. As I walked out of PE sweaty and exhausted from the lack of exertion I saw her again, Isabella Jupiter aka Ella. This time I didn’t think, still sweaty and getting even more so I walk up to her â€Å"Hey, what’s up?† as I try to suppress my tears welling up from the sight of her beauty so close to me. â€Å"Oh I’ve just had a really long day, I can’tShow MoreRelatedPolitics And Politics In The Necklace By Guy De Maupassant707 Words   |  3 PagesEnd of Unit Essay First of all, politics heavily influence this and most all short stories in literature. The way that everyone acts can be traced back to politics and, of course, they make Mathilde act the way she does as well in â€Å"The Necklace†. Guy de Maupassant, the author of this short story, makes Mathilde, the main character, attempt to hide her true self by masking her true social class with a necklace that appears fabulously wealthy. When they are invited to a fancy ball for the nightRead More Poes The Masque (Mask) of the Red Death as Fantastic Genre Essays831 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mask of the Red Death as Fantastic Genre      Ã‚  Ã‚   American author Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) wrote many poems and short stories back in the 1800s. Poe is said by some to have virtually created the detective story and perfected the psychological thriller. These works include The Raven, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Fall of Usher House, and The Mask of the Red Death (April 30, 1842). 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PARAGRAPH 2: Background informationRead MoreTell-Tale Titles of Margaret Laurences A Bird in the House954 Words   |  4 PagesMargaret Laurences A Bird in the House is a collection of short stories that is rich in symbols and similes. Descriptions like claw hand, flyaway manner and hair bound grotesquely like white-fingered wings are found abundantly in the writers novel. The Oxford English Dictionary defines symbols as, something that stands for, represents, or denotes something else (not by exact resemblance, but by vague suggestion, or by some accidental or conventional relation) (reference). Yet, thereRead MoreLottery Essay Symbolism1249 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresenting freedom, a dove representing peace, and the color green can symbolize the feeling of envy. The following pieces of literature, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, â€Å"We Wear the Mask† by Paul Laurence, â€Å"Richard Cory† by Edwin Arlington Robinson, and â€Å"Mirror† by S ylvia Plath are all poems that use symbolism. The story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson narrates about people living in a small American town. Jackson talks specifically about the horrendous actions that this society practices, which isRead MoreCastle 1. The Dual (Good And Evil) Sides Of Human Nature.1066 Words   |  5 PagesCastle 1 The Dual (Good and Evil) Sides of Human Nature ENGL 102: Composition and Literature Spring B 2017 Teresa Castle, L26467226 APA Castle 2 Outline THESIS: In their individual short stories Young Goodman Brown,† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Rocking-Horse Winner by D. H. Lawrence are more different than similar but â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† use the setting, characterization, and symbolism to depict the reasoning of acting morally or immorally. I. The settingsRead MoreComparison of the Young Goodman Brown and the Rocking-Horse Wimmer812 Words   |  4 PagesSatan’s rebellion against God and his being cast from heaven with his fellow fallen angels that the Bible tells about in the Book of Revelation chapter 12, verses 7-12. Writers of fiction have been using this struggle for just about that long. The short stories The Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and D.H. Lawrence’s The Rocking-Horse Winner illustrate the battle between good and evil with elements of symbol and setting. Drawn from the author’s Puritan background1, The Young Goodman BrownRead More Womens Identities in The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Behind a Mask by Louisa May Alcott1558 Words   |  7 PagesWomens Identities in The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Behind a Mask by Louisa May Alcott Alice Walker’s novel The Color Purple has a rich array of female characters to examine when answering the above question. I feel that Louisa May Alcott’s short story, â€Å"Behind A Mask† offers an equally rich array of female characters to consider. Through the course of this essay I will show how Walker and Alcott used different narrative techniques and made different use of language and dialogue to create

Court considerations of tortious distributive justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2901 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Justice Essay Tort Essay Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"It is inappropriate for courts to seek to take account of considerations of distributive justice in their decisions in tort such factors are ones for the legislature alone.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Critically evaluate this statement. In order to evaluate whether or not it is appropriate for the courts to take account of considerations of distributive justice in tort, the meaning of distributive justice in this context must be considered. According to Aristotleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s classic definition, distributive justice is a mechanism by which benefits and burdens among the members of a relevant group in proportion to some criterion are distributed.[1] By way of example, a criterion for distribution which is commonly considered is equality; which involves an attempt to decrease the gaps between the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"havesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the disadvantaged. Often when the term distributive justice is brought up, issues concerning tort lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s impact on the distribution of resources across the wider population spring to mind. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Court considerations of tortious distributive justice" essay for you Create order This reflects the distributive justice theory propounded by Perry[2] in which he states the point of distributive justice is understood to be the just distribution of material resources throughout society as a whole. Perryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of distributive justice consists of a pattern of entitlements to material resources existing independently of tort law, and of tort law as a set of obligations not to disturb that pattern. Cane[3] draws an important distinction between distributive justice all things considered, otherwise known as global distributive justice, and the distributive justice that is confined to tort law. Because of its corrective-justice structure, tort law may be considered distributively unfair in the global sense even if the way it distributes rights and obligations is considered fair as between doers and sufferers of harm. As a matter of fact, one of the most common criticisms of tort law is precisely that it distributes justice unfairly because it oper ates pair-wise or under a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"correlativity,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ it often doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t take into account wider distributive context of society. [4] Under Caneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach, tort law itself consists of rules and principles of personal responsibility for harm that establish a pattern of distribution of risks of harm and obligations of repair within society. The subject matter of the relevant principles of distribution under the approach are risks of harm and obligations of reparation and correlative entitlements, not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"material resourcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[5] It is widely held that any sound explanation of tort law must, whatever other considerations it may invoke, invoke considerations of corrective justice.[6] Corrective justice is the idea that liability rectifies the injustice inflicted by one person on another. It focuses on a quantity that represents what rightfully belongs to one party but is now wrongly possessed by anothe r party and therefore must be returned to its rightful owner. In distributive justice, by contrast, the parties interact not directly but through the medium of a distributive scheme. Instead of linking solely the specific tortfeasor to the victim, distributive justice links all possible tortfeasors or victims in the same group to the benefit or the burden that they jointly share.[7] By way of example, the legal regime of personal injuries can be organized either correctively or distributively. Correctively a tort is committed by one party against another and the subsequent payment of damages from the first party to the second will restore the equality disturbed by the initial wrong. Distributively, the same incident activates a compensation scheme that shifts resources among members of a pool of contributors and recipients in accordance with a distributive criterion. The difference between corrective and distributive justice lies not in the different subject matters to which they apply, but in the way that they each operate differently on a subject matter to both. One argument against courts taking into consideration distributive justice in their decisions is the view that distributive and corrective justice considerations are incompatible and that when a corrective justification is mixed with a distributive one, each unavoidably undermines the justificatory force of the other. This is a view advocated by Weinrib[8] who argues that corrective and distributive justice are categorically different. He argues that if the law is to be coherent, any given relationship cannot rest on a combination of both corrective and distributive justifications. He claims that corrective justice is the backbone of the private law relationship and there can be no combining of distributive and corrective considerations. He rejects distributive considerations as being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"alienà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to tort law interpreted as a coherent normative practice.[9] Many sch olars however dispute Weinribà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim that distributive and corrective justice considerations are categorically different. Gardner[10] for example contends the opposed view that certain questions of distributive justice are central to the law of torts and must be faced by those who administer and develop it, namely the judiciary, precisely because the law of torts is a site of corrective justice. His view is that corrective justice specifies the structure of tort law as a system of correlative rights and obligations of recompensation between doers and sufferers of harm and that principles of distributive justice operate within this structure by specifying what these rights and obligations are. This theory results in a sense in which distributive justice is parasitic on corrective justice. A thesis which is supported by Cane[11], who states that corrective justice provides the structure of tort law within which distributive justice operates. The fact that many schola rs believe that corrective and distributive justice can work together coherently, disproves the argument put forth by Weinrib that distributive justice should not be considered in the courts, as it undermines essential corrective justice considerations. Moreover, it has been shown that distributive justice can be used as a constraint on corrective justice. In White[12], Lord Hoffman said that it would offend the ordinary persons notion of distributive justice if police officers who suffered psychiatric harm as a result of witnessing the events at the stadium were allowed to recover when many relatives had been sent away empty-handed. He contrasted the perspective of distributive justice with that of principle. From the perspective of principle (or corrective justice), the question of whether the officers should recover would have been answered by considering solely the relationship between them and the defendants, ignoring their position in relation to other groups of victims. In Lord Hoffmans view, if the court was to take into account only corrective justice considerations the result would have been that the officers would be allowed to recover. The reason he rejected this result was that the relatives had not been allowed to recover in Alcock[13]. To allow the police officers to recover when the relatives had been sent away empty-handed would have generated an unacceptable distribution of the risks and costs of negligence as between different classes of victims and injurers. So he used distributive justice consideration as a constraint on corrective justice to prevent this unfavourable outcome. The introduction of loss-spreading into tort law also demonstrates a blurring of the lines between corrective and distributive justice. The principle that accident losses should be distributed so as to minimize their felt impact has the proportional structure of distributive justice as it mandates the sharing of burdens in accordance with a criterion. Although it can and is argued by Weinrib that its use in tort law, fails to achieve distributive justice, because continuing the proportion by applying the principle to everyone within its reach is inconsistent with its being channelled through the doer and sufferer of a single harm. Conversely, since the issue of how the loss is ultimately spread is not relevant to the relationship of doing and suffering as such, in fact the best medium for loss-spreading might be some third party, the orienting of tort law toward loss-spreading cannot be portrayed as purely corrective justice consideration either. The combination of elements from both forms of justice ensures that neither form is achieved. Another somewhat more substantial argument against courts seeking to take account of considerations of distributive justice in tort, is that distributive decisions are often considered political by nature and therefore as a matter of course should not be undertaken by the judiciary. Weinrib argues that favouring a certain distributive consideration amongst several alternatives, requires the consideration of a collective goal which is external to the structure of corrective justice, and as such is political and thus falls outside the judicial scope.[14] Thus making distributive issues à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"illegitimateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for consideration by the judiciary under the law of torts. A view which is supported by Schwartz. [15] The illegitimacy charge is based on an assumption that from a procedural justice perspective the idea that judges determining issues of resource distribution is problematic, since judges are not elected and their decisions do not necessarily reflect the preference of the voting public. He points to two features of the judicial process that make it unsuitable for resolving political issues of distribution. First, courts do not have the capacity to consider the full range of possible distributions, partly because their consideration of distributi ve issues is inevitably related to the resolution of disputes between two parties; judges therefore cannot make distributive decisions which affect whole categories of potential doers and suffers of harm. He argues that because the rules and principles of tort law organise the world in terms of bilateral relationships between pairs of tortfeasors and victims, it is implausible to explain it as a distributive mechanism. It might be thought from this, that distributive queries can only properly be considered by legislators and not judges and that judges in tort cases should only do justice between the parties. But where the rule of law prevails, doing justice between the parties must necessitate consideration of whether the plaintiff belongs to a class of people who should enjoy a right to proceed in tort against the defendant. Under the rule of law judges must not separate the rule from the ruling, either by declaring what the rule is or will henceforth be while declining to apply it to the case in hand, or by denying that there is a rule. Therefore it follows that no judge may rule in favour of any plaintiff except by placing the plaintiff within a class of imaginable plaintiffs who would, according to the judge, be entitled to the same ruling. So when courts recognize new causes of action in tort, or extend existing causes of action, they are distributing legal rights and duties to new classes of potential plaintiffs and potential defendants whether intentionally or not. Secondly, he submits that because distributive justice decisions can have far reaching implications affecting the interest of all members of the community, these sort of decisions should be made by the legislature who, unlike judges, are accountable to the community.[16] In other words, any specific distributive decisions should be made solely by elected institutions since it affects the interests of many individuals. It is his view that judges, who are not elected and who are instituti onally constrained by the limitations of the judicial process, do not have the authority to select a certain distribution among possible distributions. These arguments are not without merit. Courts themselves recognise their limitations in considering issues of social policy, and sometimes use this as a justification for refusing to make a particular distributive choice in a particular way.[17] However, as Keren-Paz[18] points out, a decision not to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"interveneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can have equally politically value-laden implications. Typically the refusal to make a distributive choice is in itself a distributive choice, which takes sides in the struggle between different groups in society and is heavily biased in favour of status quo and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"havesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ against the disadvantaged. He asserts that a decision to perpetuate the status quo is as political in nature as to a decision to deviate from it.[19] Keren-Paz submits that the only justif ication for judicial deference from distributive decisions is reliant upon the implausible conclusion that the status quo reflects a conscious, informed and legitimate decision by the legislature countering the decision that the court is asked to make, by a litigant striving to achieve social change.[20] This cannot be the case since, as a matter of constitutional law there is no legislation by omission. Also if it were the case then, given the inevitability of some form of distribution resulting from court-made rules, it might be taken that courts be prevented from developing new tort rules at all as there is an inevitability of some distributive results of tort law and that the political nature of judicial rule making is inevitable. An example of how in the process of attempting corrective justice between the parties in a tort case, judges may also be attempting distributive justice between classes of parties, is illustrated by the case of Donoghue and Stevenson[21]. The case w hereby the modern concept of negligence was created by setting out general principles whereby one person would owe a duty of care to another person. The decision in this case improved the position of a category of potential victims at the expense of a category of potential tortfeasors, thus clearly having distributive effect. This shows that whenever there is a question before the court of which acts ought to be classed as torts, judges cannot avoid attempting distributive justice. Every decision of the court has clear distributive repercussions yet no one seriously disputes the legitimacy of the courts in dealing with these issues. It is true that judges are not held accountable in the same way that politicians are, although it is not true that judges are unaccountable. For instance, the judicial obligation to give reasons for judgment that can withstand critical scrutiny is an important form of accountability. A clear of advantage of the courts taking into account consideration s of distributive justice whilst crafting tort rules is that it requires an open discussion by judges of the distributive effects of their decisions. Although it is suggested by Mandel[22] that courts are more likely to be conservative and that they tend to impede rather than further an egalitarian agenda, it is countered by Keren-Paz[23] that no matter what the judgesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ real inclinations are, conservative or not, if the consideration of distributive goals is required then judges are more likely to produce progressive results than regressive ones given the costs of being seen to endorse explicit inegalitarian views. It is my opinion that, requiring judges to take account of distributive justice considerations would improve transparency, as judges would be required to reveal the values that lie behind their decisions and not hide behind the argument that such decisions are outside their purview. However troubling the lack of accountability of the courts may be, it can provide no support for an argument against involvement in redistribution, since preserving the status quo is as political as engaging in progressive redistribution. Although I firmly believe otherwise, even if it were true that the lack of accountability of the courts presents a real challenge to their legitimacy in pursing distributive goals, the ability of the legislature to react to courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rulings by amending or complementing them should provide an adequate response to this concern. In conclusion I do not believe it inappropriate for courts to seek to take account of considerations of distributive justice in their decisions in tort. I believe that taking into consideration the distributive justice effects of court rulings would in fact have positive effects as it would encourage judges to consider the distributive implications that will be inevitably caused by any formation of new tort rules. Also as demonstrated in White distributive justice consideratio ns can be used as checks on decisions that if considered under a purely corrective justice approach may have negative effects for substantive justice. Although the judiciary are not held to the same standards of accountability of the legislature, there are still sufficient restrictions in place to hold the judiciary accountable for decisions made with distributive considerations in mind with the security that the legislature can always overrule court rulings if deemed necessary. Bibliography A Schwartz (cited T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007)) Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (2000) (Ethics) Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 E Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (2013) J Gardner, What is Tort Law for? Part 1: The Place of Corrective Justice (2010) J Gardner, What is Tort Law For? Part 2. The Place of Distributive Justice (2013) M Mandel (cited T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007)) P Cane, Distributive Justice and Tort Law (2001) S Perry, Tort Law in Patterson (ed) A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory (1996) T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007) White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1998] 3 WLR 1509 [1] Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (2000) (Ethics) 85. [2] S Perry, Tort Law in Patterson (ed) A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory (1996) 333, 71-72. [3] P Cane, Distributive Justice and Tort Law, [4] J Gardner, What is Tort Law For? Part 2. The Place of Distributive Justice (2013) [5] P Cane supra note 3 [6] J Gardner, What is Tort Law for? Part 1: The Place of Corrective Justice (2010) [7] T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007) [8] E Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (2013) [9] ibid [10] J Gardner, supra note 4 [11] P Cane supra note 3 [12] White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1998] 3 WLR 1509 [13] Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310 [14] E Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (2013) [15] A Schwartz (cited T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007)) [16] E Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (2013) [17] T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007) [18] ibid [19] ibid [20] ibid [21] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [22] M Mandel (cited T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007)) [23] T Keren-Paz, supra note 8

The Ancient Egyptian Pyramids The Seven Wonders Of The...

The Egyptian Pyramids The seven wonders of the world: the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and of course, the Great Pyramids of Giza. (telegraph.co.uk) The Great Pyramids of Giza, built between 2584 and 2561 B.C, are located twelve miles from the capital of egypt, Cairo. (ancient.eu) They were the tallest man made structures in the world for 3800 years, until the completion of the Lincoln Cathedral in England. Measuring at 230 meters wide and 146 meters tall, the Great Pyramid at Giza took over 100,000 workers and over 20 years to complete. (Ancientegypt.co.uk) Why did the the Egyptians go†¦show more content†¦(Biography.com) The pyramids explain an abundance of information on about how the people of ancient egypt saw their pharaohs and queens. Inducing years and years of back-breaking labor to build structures that have people today still in awe. Historians still argue about who actually built the pyramids; due to the fact that they are so gigantic, some believe that the ancient egyptians could not have possibly built the pyramids by themselves based on the size of the pyramids and the lack of technology they were using. However, Mark Lehner, archeologist at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and Harvard Semitic Museum, thinks that the people of ancient egypt built the pyramids to show their respect to the pharaohs and queens who ruled over them. â€Å"Every time I go back to Giza my respect increases for those people and that society, that they could do it. You see, to me it s even more fascinating that they did this. And that by doing this they contributed something to the human caree r and its overall development.† Mark Lehner s statement shows that the ancient Egyptian culture admired their leaders more than any other culture did at the time. (pbs.org) The cultureShow MoreRelatedThe Great Pyramid Of Giza1138 Words   |  5 Pagesof the seven wonders of the world. For almost four millennias they were the tallest structures of the entire world. And yet we are still baffled as to how they were built. The Pyramids! We find these mysterious, immense, and fascinating structures throughout the world. We gaze at them in wonder and ask ourselves: who built them? How were they built? what were they used for? and, when were they built? 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Psychology for Psychological Factors- https//myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePsychologyfor Social and Psychological Factors. Answer: Biopsychosocial model asserts that health and illness are determined by a dynamic interaction between biological, social and psychological factors (Kevin, 2011). Based on this model, it is the interaction of these factors which lead to a particular health or illness outcome. For pain to occur in ones body, it means that a damage has occurred somewhere in his body and this damage can be influenced by different factors. From this model, it is clear that the difference in level of pain which people experience is influenced by different factors which impact it. This model can be used to help human beings understand that the happiness they have is not from pleasure, but from rest from pain. Task 2 Findings From various studies conducted in the past have shown close relationship between stress and pain. Stress is defined as a sense of uncontrollability and unpredictability which arise as a result of several factors which human beings undergo in their day to day activities (Carri-Ann, 2012). While stress can be helpful in some occasions, like for example in challenging work environment, it can also be detrimental on other factors like for example in dealing with pain. Recent research indicates that stress dramatically decreases the ability of the body to control pain. When one is stressed, the muscles tense up. When this happens, the ability of the body to respond to pain is usually impacted (Alan Richard, 2011). When the body muscles are taut and tense for a long period of time, other reactions are triggered. Sometimes these reactions lead to illnesses which may increase the pain. Because pain is usually regulated by the nervous system, the brain becomes the key player on how people perceive what they experience in their bodies. This means when one is stressed, the ability of the brain to filter pain signals is usually negatively influenced and this may lead to increase in pain. In some cases, Stress in the body lead to raise in blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate and muscle tension. Abnormalities in these activities reduce the ability to modulate pain and this is the reason why pain increases with increase with the level of stress (Minakshi, 2015). Increase in Stress also worsen pain through impacting sleep, mood and pain threshold. Because stress triggers pain, one of the strategies which can be used to attain pain relief is coming up with strategies of how to manage stress effectively. Task 3 Telling someone that your pain is in his head can make the person enter in a situation which can significantly increase the level of the pain. This phrase can only be understood by people who knows the relationship between the function of the brain and pain, and if used for people who do not understand this, it can make them develop stress which can in turn lead to an increase on the level of pain. Although the brain, which is in the head is the one which give perception towards pain, this can be hardly understood by someone who is in pain (Peter, 2013). In most cases, people in chronic pain views this as a hurtful and biting phrase which should not be applied on situations of pain because it worsens the condition in some people especially those who do not understand what it means. Some of them find the phrase not realistic because they feel that they only experience the pain where there is a problem. Task 1 This article explains the relationship between the psychological wellbeing of university students and coping with stress. The article also considers other factors in stress management like gender, age and degree in ones ability to cope with stress. The authors also tried to explain different profiles of university students according to their level of psychological well-being and also provided an analysis of the difference between these profiles in the use of three coping strategies namely; support seeking, positive reappraisal and planning. There are various ways which university students can use to cope with stress which arise from their day to day activities. The effectiveness of each strategy is influenced by several factors including the cause of the stress (Freire, Del Mar Ferradas, Valle, al., 2016). The article explains the importance of these coping strategies and how they can be applied by students on coping with stress. Generally, this article explains how various aspects influence the ability of university student to cope with academic stress. It also explains the relationship between stress and well-being and how the ability to cope with stress influence various things like academic performance, physical health among others. Task 2 If I received lower mark than I expected on a university assignment, I would use support-seeking. This strategy can be of benefit to me in the fact that getting low grade can lead to increased stress because one of the major goals of every student is to attain the best grades. Support seeking can act as a buffer against the physiological and psychological effects of stress which can result from thinking about the reasons which led to the failed grade (Carr, 2011). Support seeking can play a significant role in managing stress in such situation because it can prevent me from isolating and internalizing the impact of stress. One of the ways which I could apply this mechanism is trying to talk with a supportive person. This can be my subject teacher, other student, family member or any other person who I feel can give me an information which can assist in managing the stress. In this case, informational support can be prioritized because the aim of seeking for support will be to obtain information which can guide and advise me on coming up with a solution, and also assist me on how understand and cope better with the situation. Task 3 According to this article, coping strategies utilized by students plays a significant role in their psychological well-being. The journal used the theory of stress coping to explain the relationship among various factors like the causes of stress among the university students, coping strategies and the psychological well-being. From the article, the use of effective coping strategies among the students makes them maintain higher level of psychological well-being (Subhi Al-Gamal, 2013). Apart from psychological well-being, the author also relates stress among university students with various other factors like academic performance and physical health. This explains the reasons why the students who find challenges in coping with stress fail to indicate good academic performance as compared to those who use best strategies to manage stress. Being unable to cope with stress also impacts the physical health of students by making them look sick even when they are healthy. References Alan, D. K., Richard, D. U. (2011). Understanding Pain: What You Need to Know to Take Control. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. Carr, D. (2011). Worried Sick: How Stress Hurts Us and How to Bounce Back. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Carri-Ann, G. (2012). Review of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Pain: The Path to Integrated Care. Journal of Rehabilitation Research Development, 49(12), 78-90. Freire, C., Del Mar Ferradas, M., Valle, A., al., e. (2016). Profiles of Psychological Well-being and Coping Strategies among University Students. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 20-56. Kevin, F. (2011). The Rise and Fall of the Biopsychosocial Model: Reconciling Art Science in Psychiatry. American Journal of Psychotherapy,, 65(1), 54-69. Minakshi, R. (2015). Positive Psychology and Its Importance at Workplace. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(2), 98-102. Peter, S. (2013). Defining Counselling Psychology: What Do All the Words Mean? New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 42(3), 56-78. Subhi, A., Al-Gamal, E. (2013). Perceived stress and coping strategies among Jordanian nursing students during clinical practice in psychiatric/mental health courses. international Journal of health nursing, 23(4), 326335.

USERS STORY Essays - Neurochemistry, Entheogens,

USERS STORY I had a really bad experience....I ate two hits of orange sunshine. I was off in my own world. Among the highlights of my fourteen hours in hell was watching the flesh burn off my hand (it didn't really..it just seemed like it was), being strangled by the seatbelt which was now a snake, being convinced that a white schoolbus from Charlotte Latin was stalking me in an attempt to kill me and watching myself burn in hell for all eternity several times. Needless to say, I eased up on dosing for awhile, actually a year and a half, during which time I awoke regularly from horrific nightmares during the night, but now it's all good.....viva la LSD!!!! KNOWN AS LSD, Acid, trips, T's, tabs, blotters, dots, micro dots, mind expansion kits WHAT IS IT? LSD can also be known by their printed design name - eg strawberries or purple ohms. LSD is very much a mind drug. It is a hallucinogen which means it distorts the users perception of themselves and the world around them. Some people find the LSD experience profoundly enjoyable, whilst others find the effects terrify them. The LSD experience is described as a 'trip' because it is like a journey to another place. Trips work directly on the psychological and chemical functions of your brain. WHERE IS IT FROM AND WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE? LSD usually comes in small squares of blotting paper with a cartoon picture or motif printed on one side. LSD can also come in the form of tablets, capsules or pills. These can be many different colours. HOW MUCH IS IT? The cost of one tab of LSD ranges between $20.00 and $25.00. The cost can reduce to as low as $8.00 per tab if a bulk purchase is made. HOW IT'S TAKEN LSD is usually swallowed, and you will begin to feel the effects within 30 - 60 minutes, with it lasting for up to 12 hours. Some trips have been reported to last as long as 24 hours. EFFECTS The effects can vary widely from person to person and be unpredictable depending on your mood at the time of taking the drug, self-confidence, the environment you are taking LSD in, company and general 'mind space' at the time. The physical effects are minimal on acid, but the mental effects are enormous. As the trip hits you, colours appear more brilliant, sound is sharper, moving objects leave a trail behind them and repeated patterns are sometimes seen with eyes closed. Your body may feel hot and sweaty, sometimes alternating with chills and shivering. Over the second hour the effects become more intense, whimsical visions can appear from nowhere - from shapes in smoke, to the effect of buildings and walls looking like they are breathing. Acid tends to alter what is already there, rather than to create hallucinations out of nothing. True vivid hallucinations seem to only occur with large or pure doses of acid. At the peak of the trip, time is slowed almost to a standstill and trippers may feel that they are in a different world. 6-8 hours after taking LSD the sensations begin to subside. After 12 hours, the trip is usually over, although some trips can last up to 24 hours. You will probably still experience some residual effects until you've had some decent sleep. Flashbacks, a spontaneous recurrence of the original experience, can happen years later without any warning. Tolerance and dependance does not develop with acid. SAFE USE If you use LSD, you should consider the following:- It is safer not to use LSD at all; If you use LSD, make sure you are not alone. If something goes wrong call for help straight away; Don't wander off into potentially dangerous situations such as busy roads or crowded public places; If you are feeling tired or anxious, it's probably best not to take acid, as it will make you feel worse rather than shift your mood; If somebody has a bad trip, calm them down, talk to them and if this doesn't seem to help be sure to call for assistance straight away; Don't be afraid to call an ambulance if something goes wrong. The ambulance officers are not obliged to alert the police unless the situation becomes violent.

Microsoft and Outsourcing to Flextronics essays

Microsoft and Outsourcing to Flextronics essays (1) Microsoft's decision to outsource their Xbox production to Flextronics, a Singapore based company, was based on several variables. Microsoft is primarily a software company and had a small hand in producing hardware, such as joysticks, computer mice, keyboards, etc. When Microsoft came into the video game industry, they decided that they lacked the manufacturing and logistics capabilities to make the Xbox and manage a global supply chain [1]. Microsoft had chosen to outsource to Flextronics for several reasons. Flextronics could lower costs in production for Microsoft because they were able to tightly manage its supply chain, therefore reducing the chances of supply chain disruption, which can be costly [1]. Not only was Flextronics efficient in supply chain management they had an "industrial park" strategy that Microsoft and many other electronic manufacturers didn't have. Flextronics required that key suppliers locate their factories next to Flextronics assembly plants in lo w-cost areas. Flextronics had industrial parks in Brazil, China, Hungary, Mexico, and Poland. This global presence that Flextronics had is exactly what Microsoft was looking for. With these "industrial parks" located throughout various locations in the world, Flextronics would be able to shift production from one plant to another as demand conditions warranted [1]. Additionally, Flextronics and Microsoft used an advanced Web-based information system that it used to communicate with each other on a real time basis. This was pertinent to reducing errors and relaying information quickly to one another to ensure and facilitate expedient production of Xbox consoles where inventory is low, to avoid any shortages. Finally, Microsoft had a long standing relationship with Flextronics. Microsoft had used Flextronics for years to produce their small hardware (computer mice, joysticks, etc.) and trusted them. Microsoft trusted that Flextronics would be able to bu...

The Value of Jackson Pollock's Painting Assignment

The Value of Jackson Pollock's Painting - Assignment Example The paper "The Value of Jackson Pollock's Painting" concerns the paintings of Jackson Pollock. Jackson Pollock’s painting can be sold for millions dollars because the artist is generally identified as a self created legend, is related to the innovative painting technique of drip painting within Abstract Expressionism genre, his artworks are renowned for spontaneity, his artistic career is interconnected with the development of mass media, and his artworks are symbolic of Americanism with immense artistic and economic value. One can see that fame and success within the scenario of art cannot be attained without any individual effort. Harold Rosenberg stated that, â€Å"The act on the canvas springs from an attempt to resurrect the saving moment in his â€Å"story† when the painter first felt himself released from Value-myth of past self-recognition†. For instance, the popularity of the artworks by Jackson Pollock is interconnected with the artist’s effort t o go beyond the limits of traditional mode of painting. To be specific, the artist did not try to follow the painters who adopted traditional methods in painting. Instead, he chose his own way and method within art. Besides, he knew that traditionalistic approach towards art, especially in painting, cannot help him to attain the status of a legend. But one must not misunderstand that his aim was to acclaim fame because he believed in individual freedom of artists. Similarly, Jackson Pollock was deeply interested in experimenting with different types of paints.

Estimation of gravitational acceleration due to pendulim Assignment

Estimation of gravitational acceleration due to pendulim - Assignment Example The use of a simple pendulum experiment in the study of motion helps to provide valuable insights into the acceleration of objects due to the gravitational force. In this experiment, a mass is set to swing to determine the number of oscillations in a particular period. Such an oscillatory motion is referred to as simple harmonic motion (JHA & JHA, 2009 pg. 275). This experiment was conducted to facilitate the understanding of the relationship between various parameters in an oscillatory system. As such, the main objective of this experiment is to estimate the value of gravitational force acting on the pendulum and compare this value with the widely accepted value of 9.81m/s2, mathematically. The period is the time a simple pendulum takes to complete a single oscillation. This physical quantity does not depend on the mass and the amplitude of the swing. However, it is dependent on factors such as the pendulum’s length and the acceleration due to the gravitation. A shorter pendulum has a shorter period than a longer pendulum (Matthews 2005, p.133). In small swings (swings with small angles), the period, T, of a pendulum with a certain length, L, is given by; There exists only one true value of the period of a swinging pendulum; no matter the measurement method and how precise the instrumentation used can be applied. As such, a measurement of the period is a true value approximation and gives either the true value or a value close to the true value. From the above, acceleration due to gravitational force can be determined by making g the subject of the formula, that is, g = 4π2L / T2. The apparatus used in the experiment included the pendulum bob, string, split cork, and timer. The thread of the pendulum was placed between two halves of a split cork and clamped to a firm support. Additionally, the length of the thread was set at a

Speaker Independent Speech Recognizer Development

Speaker Independent Speech Recognizer Development Chapter 4 Methodology and Implementation This chapter describes the methodology and implementation of the speaker independent speech recognizer for the Sinhala language and the Android mobile application for voice dialing. Mainly there are two phases of the research. First one is to build the speaker independent Sinhala speech recognizer to recognize the digits spoken in Sinhala language. The second phase is to build an android application by integrating the trained speech recognizer. This chapter covers the tools, algorithms, theoretical aspects, the models and the file structures used for the entire research process. 4.1Research phase 1: Build the speaker independent Sinhala speech recognizer for recognizing the digits. In this section the development of the speaker independent Sinhala speech recognizer is described, step by step. It includes the phonetic dictionary, language model, grammar file, acoustic speech database and the trained acoustic model creation. 4.1.1 Data preparation This system is a Sinhala speech recognition voice dial and since there is no such speech database which is done earlier was available, the speech has to be taken from the scratch to develop the system. Data collection The first stage of any speech recognizer is the collection of sound signals. Database should contain a variety of enough speakers recording. The size of the database is compared to the task we handle. For this application only little number of words was considered. This research aims only the written Sinhala vocabulary that can be applied for voice dialing. Altogether twelve words were considered with the ten numbers including two initial calling words â€Å"amatanna† and â€Å"katakaranna†. Here the Database has two parts, the training part and the testing part. Usually about 1/10th of the full speech data is used to the testing part. In this research 3000 speech samples were used for training and 150 speech samples were used for testing. Speech database Before collecting data, a speech database was created. The database was included with the Sinhala speech samples taken from variety of people who were in different age levels. Since there was no such database published anywhere for Sinhala language relevant for voice dialing, speech had to be collected from Sinhala native speakers. Prompt sheet To create the speech database, the first step was to prepare the prompt sheet having a list of sentences for all the recordings. Here it used 100 sentences that are different from each other by generating the numbers randomly. 50 sentences are starting with the word â€Å"amatanna† while the other half is starting with the word â€Å"katakaranna†. The prompt sheet used for this research is given in the Appendix A. Recording The prepared sentences in the prompt sheet were recorded by using thirty (30) native speakers since this is speaker independent application. The speakers were selected according to the age limits and divided them into eight age groups. Four people were selected from each group except one age group. Two females and two males were included into each age group. One group only contained two people with one female and one male. Each speaker was given 100 sentences to speak and altogether 3000 speech samples were recorded for training. The description of speakers such as gender and age can be found in Appendix A. If there was an error in the recording due to the background noise and filler sounds, the speaker was asked to repeat it and got the correct sound signal. Since the proposed system is a discrete system, the speakers have to make a short pause at the start and end of the recording and also between the words when they were uttered. Speech was recorded in a quiet room and the recordi ngs were done at nights by using a condenser recorder microphone. The sounds were recorded under the sampling rate of 44.1 kHz using mono channel and they were saved under *.wav format. Sampling frequency and format of speech audio files Speech recording files were saved in the file format of MS WAV. The â€Å"Praatâ€Å" software was used to convert the 44.1 kHz sampling frequency signals to 16 kHz frequency signals since the frequency should be 16kHz of the training samples. Audio files were recorded in a medium length of 11 seconds. Since there should be a silence in the beginning and the end of the utterance and it should not be exceeded 0.2 seconds, the â€Å"Praat† software was used to edit all 3000 sound signals. 4.1.2 Pronunciation dictionary The pronunciation dictionary was implemented by hand since the number of words used for the voice dialing system is very few. It is used only 12 words from the Sinhala vocabulary. To create the dictionary, the International Phonetic Alphabet for Sinhala Language and the previously created dictionaries by CMU Sphinx were used. But the acoustic phones were taken mostly by studying the different types of databases given by the Carnegie Mellon University’s Sphinx Forum (CMU Sphinx Forum). Two dictionaries were implemented for this system. One is for the speech utterances and the other one is for filler sounds. The filler sounds contain the silences in the beginning, middle and at the end of the speech utterances. The attachment of the two types of dictionaries can be found on the Appendix A. They are referred to as the languagedictionaryand thefiller dictionary. 4.1.3 Creating the grammar file The grammar file also created by hand since the number of words used for the system is very few. The JSGF (JSpeech Grammar Format) format was used to implement the grammar file. The grammar file can be found in Appendix A. 4.1.4 Building the language model Word search is restricted by a language model. It identifies the matching words by comparing the previously recognized words by the model and restricts the matching process by taking off the words that are not possible to be. N-gram language model is the most common language models used nowadays. It is a finite state language model and it contains statistics of word sequences. In search space where restriction is applied, a good accuracy rate can be obtained if the language model is a very successful one. The result is the language model can predict the next word properly. It usually restricts the word search which are included the vocabulary. The language model was built using the cmuclmtk software. First of all the reference text was created and that text (svd.text) can be found in Appendix A. It was written in a specific format. The speech sentences were delimited byandtags. Then the vocabulary file was generated by giving the following command. text2wfreq svd.vocab Then the generated vocabulary file was edited to remove words (numbers and misspellings). When finding misspellings, they were fixed in the input reference text. The generated vocabulary file (svd.vocab) can be found in the Appendix A. Then the ARPA format language model was generated using these commands. text2idngram -vocab svd.vocab -idngram svd.idngram idngram2lm -vocab_type 0 -idngram svd.idngram -vocab svd.vocab –arpa svd.arpa Finally the CMU binary of language model (DMP file) was generated using the command sphinx_lm_convert -i svd.arpa -o svd.lm.DMP The final output containing the language model needed for the training process is svd.lm.dmp file. This is a binary file. 4.1.5Acoustic model Before starting the acoustic model creation, the following file structure was arranged as described by the CMU Sphinx tool kit guide. The name of the speech database is â€Å"svd† (Sinhala Voice Dial). The content of these files is given in Appendix A. svd.dic -Phonetic dictionary svd.phone -Phoneset file svd.lm.DMP -Language model svd.filler -List of fillers svd _train.fileids -List of files for training svd _train.transcription -Transcription for training svd _test.fileids -List of files for testing svd _test.transcription -Transcription for testing All these files were included in to one directory and it was named as â€Å"etc†. The speech samples of wav files were included in to another directory and named it as â€Å"wav†. These two directories were included in to another directory and named it using the name of the database (svd). Before starting the training process, there should be another directory that contains the â€Å"svd† and the required compilation package â€Å"pocketsphinx†, â€Å"sphinxbase† and â€Å"sphinxtrain† directories. All the packages and the â€Å"svd† directory were put into another directory and started the training process. Setting up the training scripts The command prompt terminal is used to run the scripts of the training process. Before starting the process, terminal was changed to the database â€Å"svd† directory and then the following command was run. python ../sphinxtrain/scripts/sphinxtrain –t svd setup This command copied all the required configuration files into etc sub directory of the database directory and prepared the database for training. The two configuration files created were feat.params and sphinx_train.cfg. These two are given in Appendix A. Set up the database These values were filled in at configuration time. The Experiment name, will be used to name model files and log files in the database. $CFG_DB_NAME = svd; $CFG_EXPTNAME = $CFG_DB_NAME; Set up the format of database audio Since the database contains speech utterances with the ‘wav’ format and they were recorded using MSWav, the extension and the type were given accordingly as â€Å"wav† and â€Å"mswav†. $CFG_WAVFILES_DIR = $CFG_BASE_DIR/wav; $CFG_WAVFILE_EXTENSION = wav; $CFG_WAVFILE_TYPE = mswav; # one of nist, mswav, raw Configure Path to files This process was done automatically when having the right file structure in the running directory. The naming of the files must be very accurate. The paths were assigned to the variables used in main training of models. $CFG_DICTIONARY = $CFG_LIST_DIR/$CFG_DB_NAME.dic; $CFG_RAWPHONEFILE = $CFG_LIST_DIR/$CFG_DB_NAME.phone; $CFG_FILLERDICT = $CFG_LIST_DIR/$CFG_DB_NAME.filler; $CFG_LISTOFFILES = $CFG_LIST_DIR/${CFG_DB_NAME}_train.fileids; $CFG_TRANSCRIPTFILE = $CFG_LIST_DIR/${CFG_DB_NAME}_train.transcription; $CFG_FEATPARAMS = $CFG_LIST_DIR/feat.params; Configure model type and model parameters The model type continuous and semi continuous can be used in pocket sphinx. Continuous type is used for continuous speech recognition. Semi continuous is used for discrete speech recognition process. Since this application use discrete speech the semi continuous model training was used. #$CFG_HMM_TYPE = .cont.; # Sphinx 4, Pocketsphinx $CFG_HMM_TYPE = .semi.; # PocketSphinx $CFG_FINAL_NUM_DENSITIES = 8; # Number of tied states (senones) to create in decision-tree clustering $CFG_N_TIED_STATES = 1000; The number of senones used to train the model is indicated in this value. The sound can be chosen accurately if the number of senones is higher. But if we use too much senones, then it may not be able to recognize the unseen sounds. So the Word Error Rate can be very much higher on unseen sounds. The approximate number of senones and number of densities is provided in the table below. Configure sound feature parameters The default parameter used for sound files in Sphinx is a rate of 16 thousand samples per second (16KHz). If this is the case, then the etc/feat.params file will be automatically generated with the recommended values. The Recommended values are: # Feature extraction parameters $CFG_WAVFILE_SRATE = 16000.0; $CFG_NUM_FILT = 40; # For wideband speech its 40, for telephone 8khz reasonable value is 31 $CFG_LO_FILT = 133.3334; # For telephone 8kHz speech value is 200 $CFG_HI_FILT = 6855.4976; # For telephone 8kHz speech value is 3500 Configure decoding parameters The following were properly configured in theetc/sphinx_train.cfg. $DEC_CFG_DICTIONARY = $DEC_CFG_BASE_DIR/etc/$DEC_CFG_DB_NAME.dic; $DEC_CFG_FILLERDICT = $DEC_CFG_BASE_DIR/etc/$DEC_CFG_DB_NAME.filler; $DEC_CFG_LISTOFFILES = $DEC_CFG_BASE_DIR/etc/${DEC_CFG_DB_NAME}_test.fileids; $DEC_CFG_TRANSCRIPTFILE = $DEC_CFG_BASE_DIR/etc/${DEC_CFG_DB_NAME}_test.transcription; $DEC_CFG_RESULT_DIR = $DEC_CFG_BASE_DIR/result; # These variables, used by the decoder, have to be user defined, and # may affect the decoder output $DEC_CFG_LANGUAGEMODEL_DIR = $DEC_CFG_BASE_DIR/etc; $DEC_CFG_LANGUAGEMODEL = $DEC_CFG_LANGUAGEMODEL_DIR/ ${CFG_DB_NAME}.lm.DMP; Training After setting all these paths and parameters in the configuration file as described above, the training was proceeded. To start the training process the following command was run. python ../sphinxtrain/scripts/sphinxtrain run Scripts launched jobs on the machine, and it took few minutes to run. Acoustic Model After the training process, the acoustic model was located in the following path in the directory. Only this folder is needed for the speech recognition tasks. model_parameters/svd.cd_semi_200 We need only that folder for the speech recognition tasks we have to perform. 4.1.6Testing Results 150 speech samples were used as testing data. The aligning results could be obtained after the training process. It was located in the following path in the database directory. results/svd.align 4.1.7Parameters to be optimized Word error rate WER was given as a percentage value. It was calculated according to the following equation Accuracy Accuracy was also given as a percentage. That is the opposite value of the WER. It was calculated using the following equation To obtain an optimal recognition system, the WER should be minimized and the accuracy should be maximized. The parameters of the configuration file were changed time to time and obtained an optimal recognition system where the WER was the minimum with a high accuracy rate. 4.2Research phase 2: Build the voice dialing mobile application. In this section, the implementation of voice dialer for android mobile application is described. The application was developed using the programming language JAVA and it was done using the Eclipse IDE. It was tested in both the emulator and the actual device. The application is able to recognize the spoken digits by any speaker and dial the recognized number. To do this process the trained acoustic model, the pronunciation dictionary, the language model and the grammar files were needed. The speech recognition was performed by using these models in the mobile device itself by using the pocketsphinx library. It is a library written in C language to use for embedded speech recognition devices in Android platform. The step by step implementation and integration of the necessary components were discussed in detail in this section. Resource Files When inputting the resource files to the Android application, they were added in to theassets/directory of the project. Then the physical path was given to make them available for pocketsphinx. After adding them, the Assets directory contained the following resource files. Dictionary svd.dic svd.dic.md5 Grammar digits.gram digits.gram.md5 menu.gram menu.gram.md5 Language model svd.lm.DMP svd.lm.DMP.md5 Acoustic Model feat.params feat.params.md5 mdef mdef.md5 means means.md5 mixture_weights mixture_weights.md5 noisedict noisedict.md5 transition_matrices transition_matrices.md5 variances variances.md5 Assets.lst models/dict/svd.dic models/grammar/digits.gram models/grammar/menu.gram models/hmm/en-us-semi/feat.params models/hmm/en-us-semi/mdef models/hmm/en-us-semi/means models/hmm/en-us-semi/mixture_weights models/hmm/en-us-semi/noisedict models/hmm/en-us-semi/sendump models/hmm/en-us-semi/transition_matrices models/hmm/en-us-semi/variances models/lm/svd.lm.DMP Setup the Recognizer First of all the recognizer should be set up by adding the resource files. The model parameters taken after the training process were added as the HMM in the application. The recognition process was depended mainly on this resource files. Since the grammar files and the language model were added as assets, these two can be used for the recognition process of the application as well as the HMM. The utterances can be recognized from either the grammar files or language model. The whole process is coded using the Java programing language. 4.3Architecture of the developed Speech Recognition System

Does It Matter? by Siegfried Sassoon Essay -- Papers

Does It Matter? by Siegfried Sassoon "Does It Matter" is an angry, heavily ironic war poem written in 1917 by the famous World War I poet Siegfried Sassoon. On first read, it appears that the poet is addressing an injured soldier who has returned from the trenches, asking this man whether or not it is important that he is missing limbs and sight, instead highlighting the virtues of the world and offering these as a remedy for his pains. The poem is written in a nursery-rhyme-like structure, where there is an obvious rhyming pattern and distinctive rhythm, and where many lines even have an equal number of syllables. For such a complicated subject matter, the poem is also rather brief - very succinct at just three stanzas comprising of five lines each. The opening lines of each stanza begin similarly with a question asked but never answered: Does it matter - losing your legs?... There is a lot to discuss even here. Firstly, we notice that the question itself is not answered - Sassoon does this very deliberately. Of course he goes on to back his rather naà ¯ve point by highlighting the constructive aspects of living without the use of one's legs, but he leaves a great void here, like the unfilled silence after a particularly awkward question. We, as readers, can easily answer the question of whether or not it matters in our own minds - of course it matters, and it matters further when we shake our heads at the sinister complacency exhibited throughout the remainder of the poem. Sassoon intentionally utilises this almost child-like perspective (given more strength through his nursery-rhyme structure and know-no-better naivet... ...stion at the beginning of each stanza - does it matter? The poem is turned on its head and, just maybe, the soldier complies with Hamlet's statements: "To die, to sleep / No more". How, then, does this fit in with the rest of the poem? Well, it soon becomes clear to me that the form of Utopia the narrator describes in the three stanzas is hard to visualise even today, and we must remember that the poem is set during a major and bloody war. This form of Utopia, then, can exist only beyond reality - in a paradise found after death. It would appear, then, that this is a goodbye note from a dying soldier, seeking comfort as he withers away amidst the fighting in thoughts of the "undiscovered country", and finally exhaling his last breath, taking his afflictions away with him to a place where 'people will always be kind'.

Male Identity and Greek Mythology’s Hercules in Films Essay

Famed for his mighty muscles, Hercules was the son of the mortal woman Alcmene and the god Zeus. Hercules performed many legendary feats of strength, the first of which came as an infant: when Zeus’s wife Hera placed two serpents in his crib, Hercules quickly strangled them. After he had grown to manhood Hera got revenge by driving Hercules briefly mad, causing him to slay his own wife and children. As penance Hercules performed his famous 12 labors (or tasks), which included killing the Hydra, capturing Cerberus the dog, and cleaning the stables of Augeas. Hercules appears in many ancient Greek stories and is one of mythology’s best-known heroes. Mythologies are fantasies that have the power to endure in people’s minds and culture through time. For this, mythological stories and characters have been part of substantial themes of films in the history of filmmaking. They have a significant place in the world of filmmaking because mythological stories and characters have the ample amount of mystery and magic that has the ability to capture the audience’s attention and imagination. Storylines may differ or be similar to the myths itself but the essence of the mythological character exudes. One such masculine and mythological character is the half-man half-god Greek hero, Hercules. This mythological character with extraordinary physical strength has been featured and appeared in numerous films in the big screen and television. With the different depictions of Hercules, this paper then is an assessment on how he was portrayed and presented in films. The materials considered for this study were Disney’s animated film â€Å"Hercules† released on 1997 and Roger Young’s miniseries entitled â€Å"Hercules. Half Man. Half God. All Power. † released on 2004 by the Hallmark Channel. Hercules on Disney’s Animated Film According to the Big Cartoon Database (n. d. ) â€Å"Hercules† was a â€Å"Disney update on classic mythology†, an animated film about his journey towards finding a place where he belonged. Here, Hercules, the son of Greek gods Zeus and Hera was born god-like strength in Olympus, the home of the gods. When Hades, the God of the Underworld, learns that his plan of domination in the future will be affected because of Hercules’ existence, he summons his two followers, Pain and Panic, de-immortalize the child Hercules and kill him in the mortal world. Pain and Panic, failed in their mission and only succeeds in making Hercules mortal. No mortal beings are allowed to dwell in Olympus, which leaves Hercules in the care of Alcmene and Amphitryon, the childless mortal couple who found him on the bushes. Hercules later grows into a misfit adolescent because of his extraordinary strength that always gets him in the center of chaos. His adoptive parents later tells him of his past and a medal found with him that is a link to Zeus, his father. Hercules then journeys to the temple of the gods. Zeus appears and confirms Hercules thoughts. Zeus tells him that the only way that Hercules can enter Olympus again is that if he becomes an earthly hero to gain his godliness. The adolescent Hercules then goes on a pursuit of a hero status with the help and instructions from the satyr, Philoctetes. He achieves the hero status later in adulthood but is perplexed because he still is not a god. When Hades learns that Hercules still lives, he orders his soul-bound follower Megara to deceive Hercules. Hades tries to block his path to being a God with calamities and creatures like the multi-headed, Hydra. Hercules becomes a God when he sacrifices himself for Megara. The animated film ends with Hercules choosing to stay in the mortal world to be with Megara. The most obvious difference of the animated film from the original Greek myth of Hercules is that the dreadful factors of his origins were revised and some components of modern day popular culture were utilized. According to Royalty. nu (n. d. ), Hercules was born to Alcmene, wife of Amphityron, but fathered by the Greek God Zeus. Zeus deceived Alcmene into thinking that he was Amphitryon on a night when the real Amphitryon was away. Hera, Zeus’ wife loathed Hercules and tried several times to try and kill Hercules, much unlike in the animated film, where Hera as Hercules’ mother doted on him. The animated film focused on Hercules’ early life; the famous ten labors of Hercules and the other half of his life was not included. The circumstances of the Greek myth characters like Megara, Zeus, Hera, Aphitryon, Alcmene and the rest included in the film were greatly modified to fit the storyline of the animated film. Apart from that Hercules’ twin brother, Iphicles was excluded in the storyline. Greek mythology portrays Hercules as a character with â€Å"low intelligence and terrible temper†(Royalty. nu, n. d. ). Although there was much difference from the original Greek myth, Hercules’ character as half-man half-god hero with weaknesses was still portrayed. Hercules’ character in the animated film was a bit naive but he was not quick to loose his temper. Audiences were also given a taste of Hercules’ famous battles with calamities and creatures. Hercules on Roger Young’s Miniseries According to FilmAffinity (n. d. ), this Hercules miniseries is about â€Å"the gifted child born of a blood greater than mortal who would become the most powerful of all gods†. Roger Young’s miniseries starts with how Hercules was conceived. Similar to the Greek myth, the dissolute God Zeus deludes the Princess of Thebes, Alcmene, into thinking that he is the princess’ husband, Amphitryon, and then forces himself on Alcmene on a night where the princess was awaiting her husband’s return. When Alcmene gives birth to twin boys, Hercules and Iphicles, Alcmene and Amphitryon are perplexed on which baby is fathered by Zeus and whose is Amphitryon. They later realize that Hercules is Zeus’ son when he kills the snakes with his bare hands an infant. Hercules develops into a lumbering young man, â€Å"rejected by his mother, envied by his brother Iphicles and loathed by Zeus’ wife Hera† (FilmAffinity). Similar to the Greek myth while Alcmene reserves no love for Hercules, he grows up with Amphitryon doting on him and teaching him. Hercules then falls for Megara but was rejected. Their brief connection results to a child. When he lost his temper and accidentally hurt his teacher Linus during a class, Amphitryon sends far away to be taught under the care and instruction of a centaur, Kiron. Hercules becomes an agile adult and more capable to handle his great strength. He then was married to Megara after he helps the king from the creature Hydra. Megara and her sons, turn out to be â€Å"tools of the vengeful Hera, plotting against him and initiating events that lead to his banishment from his people† (FilmAffinity). To atone the punishment that he deserved in killing his own children, Hercules agrees when he was given difficult challenges which were set out to destroy him. With his ally Linus, he travels the Stymphalian Swams to the River styx of the underworld, faced with challenges and monstrous creatures that was arranged to kill him. Hercules willingly continues on this journey that afterward made him a â€Å"legend on Earth and achieve immortality in the heavens† (FilmAffinity). With the storyline of the miniseries, it was clear that the filmmakers focused on the raging politics between the noble mortals and their want of power and control. It is important to note that this miniseries was one of the few productions that embarked on Hercules true conception with regards to the original Greek myth. Hercules’ character of recklessness and short temper was portrayed true to the original Greek myth during his younger adult days. There were slight alterations unto how certain events happened to the characters but the miniseries was in a way loyal to the Hercules’ myth. For example, Hercules develops a more profound thinking later on the miniseries but there was no hint of that according to the Greek Myth. The Gods Hera and Zeus were not given much attention during the miniseries and only appeared briefly. The supposed raging battle between Hera and Zeus was implied but not shown comprehensively. Conclusion In conclusion, both films were individual depictions of Hercules’ character as the legendary Greek hero. He is a paragon of action and masculinity, and thus embodies characteristics such as great strength, great courage, and great appetites, including erotic adventures with both women and boys or young men. These qualities did not prevent him from being regarded as a playful figure that used games to relax from his labors and played a great deal with children. Aelian, while he was a champion and a great warrior, he was not above cheating and using any unfair trick to his advantage. However, he was renowned as having â€Å"made the world safe for mankind† by destroying many dangerous monsters, and he was also held up as an example for never having attacked first, but for having conquered all merely by defending himself when attacked, and protecting the helpless and distraught. His self-sacrifice obtained him the ascent to the Olympian realms and he was welcomed by the gods. He represents a balanced, complete energetic principle of the masculine, partaking of both light and dark influences. Historically, the strong American presence in post-war Italy is evident in the very physical presence of Steve Reeves as Hercules. Moreover, the film’s masculinization of revenge also seems to reflect the ideals of post-war society. Instead, as the character of Hercules suggests, it is more important for the wandering male, and also the foreign influence, to be incorporated into the domestic sphere. Hercules preserves the morality at the centre of the family. Paradoxically, however the interference of Hercules also ensures continued dependence on foreign influence and protection. Each film represented the filmmakers approach on representing a storyline associated with Hercules’ myth. Disney may have chosen to emphasize more on Hercules’ journey to his fate in a more conducive way that was appealing since their audiences are young people. Roger Young’s miniseries took more of a similar likeness to the original myth although alterations were made on how events were played because the storyline demanded that it be so. Works Cited FilmAffinity. Hercules (TV). FilmAffinity – MovieAffinity. Retrieved November 2, 2006 from http://www. filmaffinity. com/en/film260353. html The Big Cartoon Database. Hercules Story Details. The Big Cartoon Database. Retrieved November 2, 2006 from http://www. bcdb. com/cartoon_synopsis/6-Hercules. html Royalty. nu. Hercules, Young Hercules. The Gordon Knot Webring. Retrieved November 2, 2006 from http://www. royalty. nu/legends/Hercules. html

Obesity Should Unhealthy Food Be Taxed - 951 Words

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